Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, with millions of people affected by this silent eye condition. Unlike many other diseases, glaucoma often progresses without noticeable symptoms in its early stages, making it especially important to understand and identify risk factors. By understanding these factors, people, especially older adults, can take steps to manage their risk, prevent vision loss, and maintain eye health.
What Is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which is crucial for vision. This damage often results from high intraocular pressure, which is also referred to as increased eye pressure. The optic nerve connects the eye to the brain, and any damage to it can lead to vision loss or blindness. Glaucoma typically affects both eyes, although one may be more affected than the other.
There are different types of glaucoma, but the most common type of glaucoma is open-angle glaucoma, where fluid doesn’t drain out of the eye efficiently. This increased intraocular pressure gradually damages the optic nerve. Another form, narrow-angle or acute angle-closure glaucoma, is less common but can develop suddenly and is considered a medical emergency. Knowing whether you’re at risk for glaucoma can help you make informed decisions about your eye health.
Risk Factors for Glaucoma
Certain factors increase the risk of developing glaucoma. Here are the most common risk factors:
- Increased Eye Pressure (High Intraocular Pressure)
One of the primary risk factors for glaucoma is high eye pressure, also known as intraocular pressure. When the eye’s natural drainage system is blocked or inefficient, the eye pressure rises. This elevated pressure can damage the optic nerve, leading to vision loss.
- Age
The risk for glaucoma increases with age. People over 60 are at a greater risk, and this risk becomes even higher as they continue to age. Seniors are encouraged to have regular eye exams to monitor for any signs of increased eye pressure or other risk factors.
- Family History of Glaucoma
Glaucoma tends to run in families. If you have close relatives with glaucoma, you are more likely to develop the condition. This is particularly true for open-angle glaucoma. Genetic factors play a role, so it’s essential to inform your eye care provider of any family history.
- Ethnic Background
Some ethnic groups have a higher risk of glaucoma than others. African Americans and people of African descent, for example, have a significantly increased risk of developing open-angle glaucoma and are also more likely to develop it at a younger age. People of Asian descent have a higher risk for narrow-angle or acute angle-closure glaucoma.
- Corneal Thickness and Pachymetry Testing
The thickness of the cornea can be an important factor for glaucoma. Pachymetry is a painless test used to measure corneal thickness. Studies suggest that people with thinner corneas may be at an increased risk for glaucoma, especially for the type known as normal-tension glaucoma, where optic nerve damage occurs without high eye pressure.
- Existing Eye Conditions
Certain existing eye conditions, such as high myopia (nearsightedness), retinal detachment, or eye tumors, can also increase the risk of glaucoma. Additionally, a history of eye trauma, particularly if it affects the drainage system in the eye, can elevate your risk.
- Medical Conditions
People with diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease may have a higher risk of developing glaucoma. Studies also indicate a possible link between sleep apnea and glaucoma.
Types of Glaucoma
Understanding the types of glaucoma can also provide insight into risk factors and symptoms.
- Open-Angle Glaucoma
This is the most common type of glaucoma and is often called the “silent thief of sight” because it develops slowly and without noticeable symptoms in the early stages. People with open-angle glaucoma have a drainage system that becomes partially blocked over time, gradually increasing eye pressure and damaging the optic nerve.
- Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma
This type of glaucoma is less common but more severe, often developing suddenly and requiring immediate treatment. In acute angle-closure glaucoma, the eye’s drainage system becomes entirely blocked, causing a sudden rise in intraocular pressure. Symptoms of this type include eye pain, nausea, severe headache, and blurry vision. If you experience these symptoms, seek medical help immediately to prevent permanent vision loss.
- Normal-Tension Glaucoma
In this type, optic nerve damage occurs even when intraocular pressure is within the normal range. People with this form of glaucoma may have a family history of the disease or a genetic predisposition to optic nerve damage.
- Secondary Glaucoma
Secondary glaucoma can result from another condition, such as an eye injury, inflammation, or use of certain medications like steroids. Identifying and managing underlying causes is essential to treat glaucoma effectively.
Symptoms of Glaucoma in the Early Stages
For most types of glaucoma, there are no symptoms in the early stages. Vision loss is gradual, and many people don’t notice any changes until they have significant damage. Some may notice peripheral vision loss or blank spots in their vision, which can worsen over time if untreated.
In cases of acute angle-closure glaucoma, however, symptoms appear quickly and severely. These include:
- Severe eye pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Sudden blurry vision
- Seeing halos around lights
- Headache
How Glaucoma is Diagnosed
Regular eye exams are key to diagnosing glaucoma early, especially for those at risk. During a glaucoma screening, an eye care professional may use several tests to assess the health of your eyes and detect increased risk factors for glaucoma:
- Tonometry to measure intraocular pressure (eye pressure)
- Ophthalmoscopy to examine the optic nerve for signs of damage
- Visual Field Test to detect any loss in peripheral vision
- Pachymetry to measure corneal thickness, as thinner corneas are a risk factor for glaucoma
These tests are painless and can be done during a routine eye exam.
Preventing Vision Loss from Glaucoma
Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent vision loss. Glaucoma cannot be cured, but its progression can often be slowed or managed. Depending on the type and severity, glaucoma treatment may include:
- Prescription Eye Drops: These are often the first line of treatment to reduce eye pressure by improving fluid drainage or decreasing fluid production.
- Oral Medications: In some cases, oral medications may be prescribed if eye drops alone are not enough.
- Laser Treatment: Laser therapy can help improve the drainage system in the eye, reducing eye pressure.
- Surgery: Surgical procedures are sometimes necessary for patients who don’t respond well to other treatments. Surgery creates a new drainage pathway to lower intraocular pressure.
Reducing Your Risk for Glaucoma
Here are steps you can take to help reduce your risk of glaucoma and maintain eye health:
- Regular Eye Exams: Annual exams are essential for early detection, especially if you have risk factors.
- Know Your Family History: Inform your eye care provider of any family history of glaucoma.
- Protect Your Eyes: Prevent injuries that could damage your eye’s drainage system by wearing protective eyewear when necessary.
- Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and managing health conditions like diabetes can contribute to eye health.
Protect Your Vision and Health
Glaucoma is a serious eye condition and one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. While some factors are beyond your control, such as age and family history, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk. Regular eye exams, healthy lifestyle choices, and understanding your unique risk factors are key to preserving your vision and preventing optic nerve damage. If you suspect you’re at risk or haven’t had an eye exam recently, schedule one today and discuss any concerns with your eye care professional.
By staying informed and proactive, you can take important steps to protect your vision and eye health well into your golden years.